Archives and Primary Sources
Antigua Council Meeting Minutes, 1831–1833, National Archives of Antigua and Barbuda, Victoria Park, St. John’s, Antigua.
Antigua Despatches, National Archives of Antigua and Barbuda.
Antigua Herald & Gazette (St. John’s, Antigua)
Antigua Observer (St. John’s, Antigua)
Antigua Times (St. John’s, Antigua)
Antigua Weekly Register (St. John’s, Antigua)
Census of the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago, 1911. Trinidad, 1913.
Codrington Family Papers, National Archives of Antigua and Barbuda.
Codrington Papers, R.P. 2616, National Archives of Antigua and Barbuda, Victoria Park, St. John’s, Antigua.
Collection of Redwood family papers 1710-1999 and undated, (bulk 1729-1796).
Great Britain, Colonial Office Papers, British Public Record Office, National Archives, Kew, London, UK (Colonial Office Series 7/31–111, Papers Pertaining to Antigua, 1831–1858).
Mighty Sparrow, and Banyan Archives. Sparrow Singing Medley (Long Shot). Trinidad and Tobago: Banyan Archive, 1987.
Moravian Church Archives, Eastern West Indies Province, Bethlehem, PA, United States.
National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain.
Papers of Langford Lovell Hodge, Duke Humfrey’s Library, Bodleian Library, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Port of Spain Gazette (Port of Spain, Trinidad).
Records of the Colonial Office, Series CO 7, British National Archives, Original Correspondence, 1835–1858.
Reports of the Surgeon General. 1903–4, 1906–7, 1912–13, 1918.
Reports of Medical Inspector of Health. 1918, 1919.
The Dominican (Roseau, Dominica).
The Tudway of Wells Antiguan Estate Papers, 1689-1907: A Brief Introduction to the Microfilm Edition of the Tudway of Wells Estate Papers. East Ardsley, Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Microform Academic Publishers [in conjunction with the British Association for American Studies], 1999.
Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society Papers, School of Oriental and African Studies Library, London, UK.
West Indian Newspaper Collection, American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA, U.S.
Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. Rules and Regulations of the Wesleyan Methodist Sunday School Institution of Saint John’s, Antigua. London: D. Marples and Co., 1836.
Secondary Sources
Antigua and Barbuda History
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Carmody, Caroline M. “First among Equals: Antiguan Patterns of Local Level Leadership.” PhD diss., New York University, 1978.
Coram, Robert. Caribbean Time Bomb: The United States’ Complicity in the Corruption of Antigua. 1st ed. New York: Morrow, 1993.
Craton, Michael. “Bondmen & Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, With Implications for Colonial British America.” Journal of Caribbean History 22, no. 1/2 (December 1988): 153–56.
Dyde, Brian. A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2000.
Fernández Olmos, Margarite, Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert, and Joseph M. Murphy. Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction, from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo. Third edition. New York: New York University Press, 2022.
Ferguson, Moira. Colonial and Gender Relations from Mary Wollstonecraft to Jamaica Kincaid: East Caribbean Connections. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Fernández Olmos, Margarite, and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert, eds. Sacred Possessions: Vodou, Santería, Obeah, and the Caribbean. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997.
Flax, Olva. The Influence of Church and School upon the Antiguan Society: A Study of the First 50 Years after Emancipation. [Antigua]: Antigua Archives Committee, 1984.
Fox, Georgia Lynne, ed. An Archaeology and History of a Caribbean Sugar Plantation on Antigua. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2020.
Gaspar, David Barry. Bondmen and Rebels: A Study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
———. “Slavery, Amelioration, and Sunday Markets in Antigua, 1823–1831.” Slavery & Abolition 9, no. 1 (1988): 1–28.
Great Britain Colonial Office, and Great Britain Parliament House of Commons. Antigua: Apprenticed Africans. [London]: Ordered by the House of Commons, 1832.
Hall, Douglas. Five of the Leewards, 1834–1870: The Major Problems of the Post Emancipation Period in Antigua, Barbuda, Montserrat, Nevis and St. Kitts. St. Laurence, Barbados: Caribbean. Universities Press, 1971.
———. “Incalculability as a Feature of Sugar Production during the Eighteenth Century.” Journal of Caribbean History 35, no. 1 (June 2001): 80–96.
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Hucks, Tracey E. Peripheral Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Antigua. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1985.
———. Hucks, Tracey E. Obeah, Orisa, and Religious Identity in Trinidad, Volume I, Obeah Africans in the White Colonial Imagination, Volume 1. Berlin: Duke University Press, 2022.
———. Shouldering Antigua and Barbuda: The Life of V. C. Bird. Hertfordshire, UK: Hansib Publications, 2010.
Kirton-Roberts, Winelle Joann. “Evangelical Protestantism in the Post-Emancipation Caribbean: The Contribution of the Moravians and Methodists Missions towards the Development of the Former Slaves of Antigua and Barbados, 1834-1914,” 2009.
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Lightfoot, Natasha. ‘Their Coats Were Tied Up Like Men’: Women Rebels in Antigua’s 1858 Uprising.” Slavery & Abolition 31, no. 4 (2010): 527–45.
———. “The Hart Sisters of Antigua: Evangelical Activism and ‘Respectable’ Public Politics in the Era of Black Atlantic Slavery.” In Toward an Intellectual History of Black Women, edited by Mia Bay, Farah J. Griffin, Martha S. Jones, and Barbara D. Savage, 53–72. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
———. Troubling Freedom: Antigua and the Aftermath of British Emancipation. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.
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Lowes, Susan. “The Peculiar Class: The Formation, Collapse, and Reformation of the Middle Class in Antigua, West Indies, 1834–1940.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1994.
———. “ ‘They Couldn’t Mash Ants’: The Decline of the White and Non-White Elites in Antigua, 1834–1900.” In Small Islands, Large Questions: Society, Culture and Resistance in the Post- emancipation Caribbean, edited by Karen Fog Olwig, 31–52. London: Frank Cass, 1994.
Luffman, John. A Brief Account of the Island of Antigua Together with the Customs and Manners of Its Inhabitants as Well White as Black: As Also an Accurate Statement of the Food, Clothing, Labor, and Punishment, of Slaves; In Letters to a Friend, Written in the Years 1786, 1787, 1788. London: T. Cadell, 1789.
Maddison-MacFadyen, Margôt. “Reclaiming Histories of Enslavement from the Maritime Atlantic and a Curriculum: The History of Mary Prince.” Dissertation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2017.
Nicole N. Aljoe, Elizabeth Maddock Dillon, Benjamin J. Doyle, Elizabeth Hopwood, and Alessio Soriga (transl). “Obeah E Lo Early Caribbean Digital Archive.” América Crítica 4, no. 2 (2020).
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Prince, Mary. The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave: Related by Herself. DocSouth books edition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library, 2017.
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Robert Jeffery. “[Parham Plantation]/ Manuscript and Partly Printed Material Relating to Antigua, Slavery, and Parham Plantation,” 1756.
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Sayas Abengochea, Juan José. Historia Antigua de La Península Ibérica : (Plan Nuevo). Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 2014.
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Barbados History
Beckles, Hilary. Natural Rebels: A Social History of Enslaved Black Women in Barbados. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
Handler, Jerome S., and Stephanie Bergman. “Vernacular Houses and Domestic Material Culture on Barbadian Sugar Plantations, 1640-1838.” Journal of Caribbean History 43, no. 1 (June 2009): 1–36.
Black Lives and Cultures
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Bilby, Kenneth M. True-Born Maroons. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.
Buckridge, Steeve O. African Lace-Bark in the Caribbean. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.
Campbell, Mavis C. The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655-1796 : A History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal. Granby, Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, Inc., 1988.
Chopra, Ruma. Almost Home: Maroons between Slavery and Freedom in Jamaica, Nova Scotia, and Sierra Leone. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018.
Creston, Helena Tuler. “Terreiros E Quilombos No Brasil, Um Louvor Às Resistências.” Patryter 3, no. 5 (2020): 113–28.
Crosson, J. Brent. “What Obeah Does Do: Healing, Harm, and the Limits of Religion.” Journal of Africana Religions 3, no. 2 (2015): 151–76.
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